. States’ obligations include adhering to the principle of non-refoulement (not returning individuals to places where their lives would be threatened), providing access to fair and efficient asylum procedures, and ensuring respect for basic human rights. This report covers the rights of smuggled and trafficked migrants under international human rights law. The 1951 Refugee Convention defines a refugee as a person who has a “well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality, and is unable to, or owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” The 1951 Refugee Convention and its 1967 Protocol, as well as other international and regional instruments, outline refugees’ rights and States’ responsibilities with respect to refugees. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) also uses the terms non-documented or irregular migrant worker and defines them as a migrant who is not “authorized to enter, to stay and to engage in a remunerated activity in the State of employment . Exploitation is defined by the Protocol as including but not limited to the prostitution of others, forced labor, slavery or similar practices, or the removal of organs. In 1999, the United Nations Commission on Human Rights (predecessor to the UN Human Rights Council) established a Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants to promote the application of international standards on the rights of migrants and makes recommendations on ways to end violations against migrants. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was established in 1950 and its mandate consists of protecting the rights of refugees, including asylum and resettlement. We supported each other and I always had someone being there for me." See ICRMW, art. See Third report on the expulsion of aliens by Mr. Maurice Kamto, Special Rapporteur, UN Doc. 3. See UN General Assembly, Resolution 23/20, Human rights of migrants, UN Doc. Many of the relatively nascent precepts contained within the 1951 Refugee Convention have now been rearticulated, recontextualised, and in some cases expanded in a comprehensive suite of international human rights treaties. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Southern African Development Community Tribunal, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, Courts and Tribunals of Regional Economic Communities, Advocacy before the Inter-American Human Rights System, El Litigio e Incidencia ante el Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, Atuação perante o Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, Pledwaye Devan Sistèm Entè-Ameriken pou Pwoteksyon Dwa Moun, Protection against Arbitrary Arrest and Detention, Protection against Torture or Inhuman Treatment, Procedural Safeguards in Individual Expulsion Proceedings, Right to Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, Right to Enjoy Culture in Community with Others, Permissible Restrictions on Migrants’ Human Rights, African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child, African Union Convention Governing Specific Aspects of Refugee Problems in Africa, American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, ASEAN Declaration on the Protection and Promotion of the Rights of Migrant Workers, Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings, European Convention on the Legal Status of Migrant Workers, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, International Labour Organization Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 3. See UN General Assembly, Resolution 3449(XXX), Measures to ensure the human rights and dignity of all migrant workers, UN Doc. Also, I made friends through the program and learned a lot through hearing about the experiences of other women immigrants. See UNHCR, Conclusion No. The State has a positive obligation to protect the right and the identity of the minority group through policy initiatives and to prevent the infringement of the right by third parties. See General Comment No. 30 on discrimination against non-citizens, 19 August 2004, para. 98) (adopted 1 July 1949; entry into force 18 July 1951), 96 UNTS 257; ILO Equal Remuneration Convention, 1951 (No. However, this is hardly a problem limited to migration issues, but to international law … on whether the refugee convention has become outdated and irrelevant, in the changed global context. 2; Arab Charter on Human Rights (adopted 22 May 2004, entered into force 15 March 2008), 12 Int’l Hum. . States should prosecute right to life violations, including extrajudicial killings that take place during a migrant’s journey from the country of origin to the country of destination and vice versa. Migrants shall thus be recognized as a person before the law to the same extent as nationals (Article 16 ICCPR). See id. 29), Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of Migrant Workers and Members of their Families (ICRMW) defines migrant worker under Article 1 as “a person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or she is not a national.” See International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families (adopted 18 December 1990, entered into force 01 July 2003), 220 UNTS 3, art. Contributions should not be subjected to arbitrary arrest or detention under international rights! 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